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In total, the Arx constituted around one-twentieth of the whole area of the townsite. Its limits were defined by the Town Wall on the S and W sides, by cliffs on the NW side, and by the Arx Wall on the NE side.
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The vast majority of religious monuments at Cosa were located at the Arx, "an area sacra, abode of those gods, quorum maxime in tutela civitas." The Arx was positioned at the highest and southernmost point of the colony. In recent years the Archaeological Soprintendenza of Tuscany has conducted extensive documentation, repairs and reconstructions of the walls. A final, medieval, circuit in mortared rubble masonry runs along the same line. At the western corner of this was a postern, closed in the early Byzantine period, when the hill was refortified with a wall built with an emplecton.
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The arx also had an independent circuit wall. These each have the same structure, twin gate, one in line with the walls and one to the inside, with a space between them. There are three gates which correspond to as many roads: the northwest, or Florentine gate, which corresponds to the modern entrance to the site, the northeast, or Roman gate, and the southeast, or maritime gate. These are found at irregular intervals, and all but one are rectangular in plan - the exception is round. It included a system of interval towers, numbering eighteen in all. It is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 miles) long and built in polygonal masonry of Lugli's third type. The city wall of Cosa was built at the time of the foundation of the colony on 273 BCE. From 2016, l’Università di Firenze has been excavating along the processional street P. has excavated a bath building in the southwest corner of the Forum. įrom 2005 to 2012 the Universities of Granada and Barcelona excavated a domus, while from 2013 Florida State University. Sample excavations took place over the whole site, with larger excavations on the Arx, the Eastern Height and around the Forum. This latter campaign aimed at understanding the history of the site between the imperial period and the Middle Ages.
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In the 1990s a series of excavations was carried out under the direction of Elizabeth Fentress, then associated with the American Academy in Rome. Unexcavated buildings include a bathing establishment, but no trace of a theatre or an amphitheatre has been found. Excavations (1948–54, 1965–72) have traced the city plan, the principal buildings, the port, and have uncovered the Arx, the forum, and a number of houses. In the 20th century, Cosa was the site of excavations carried out under the auspices of the American Academy in Rome, initially under the direction of the archaeologist Frank Edward Brown.